List of Tables
    Table 1. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Market Size by Type (K Units) & (US$ Million) (2022 VS 2028)
    Table 2. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Market Size by Application (K Units) & (US$ Million) (2022 VS 2028)
    Table 3. Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Market Size Comparison by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
    Table 4. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production by Manufacturers (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Table 5. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units) by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
    Table 6. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
    Table 7. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue by Manufacturers (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 8. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
    Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Automatic Syrup Filling Machine as of 2021)
    Table 10. Global Market Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2017-2022)
    Table 11. Manufacturers Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production Sites and Area Served
    Table 12. Manufacturers Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Product Types
    Table 13. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
    Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
    Table 15. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units) by Region (2017-2022)
    Table 16. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue (US$ Million) by Region (2017-2022)
    Table 17. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
    Table 18. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 19. North America Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 20. Europe Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 21. China Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 22. Japan Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 23. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption Market by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Table 24. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
    Table 25. North America Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Table 26. Europe Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Table 27. Asia Pacific Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Table 28. Latin America Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Table 29. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units) by Type (2017-2022)
    Table 30. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
    Table 31. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2017-2022)
    Table 32. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue Share by Type (2017-2022)
    Table 33. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2017-2022)
    Table 34. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Table 35. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 36. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 37. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue Share by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 38. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 39. Levapack Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 40. Levapack Specification and Application
    Table 41. Levapack Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 42. Levapack Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 43. Levapack Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 44. Anvay Pharma Systems Pvt.Ltd. Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 45. Anvay Pharma Systems Pvt.Ltd. Specification and Application
    Table 46. Anvay Pharma Systems Pvt.Ltd. Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 47. Anvay Pharma Systems Pvt.Ltd. Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 48. Anvay Pharma Systems Pvt.Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 49. Ambica Pharma Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 50. Ambica Pharma Specification and Application
    Table 51. Ambica Pharma Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 52. Ambica Pharma Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 53. Ambica Pharma Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 54. Adinath International Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 55. Adinath International Specification and Application
    Table 56. Adinath International Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 57. Adinath International Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 58. Adinath International Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 59. All-Pack Machine Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 60. All-Pack Machine Specification and Application
    Table 61. All-Pack Machine Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 62. All-Pack Machine Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 63. All-Pack Machine Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 64. Mechem Engineers Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 65. Mechem Engineers Specification and Application
    Table 66. Mechem Engineers Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 67. Mechem Engineers Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 68. Mechem Engineers Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 69. Watson-Marlow Flexicon Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 70. Watson-Marlow Flexicon Specification and Application
    Table 71. Watson-Marlow Flexicon Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 72. Watson-Marlow Flexicon Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 73. Watson-Marlow Flexicon Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 74. Krones Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 75. Krones Specification and Application
    Table 76. Krones Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 77. Krones Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 78. Krones Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 79. Tetra Pak Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 80. Tetra Pak Specification and Application
    Table 81. Tetra Pak Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 82. Tetra Pak Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 83. Tetra Pak Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 84. KHS GmbH Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 85. KHS GmbH Specification and Application
    Table 86. KHS GmbH Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 87. KHS GmbH Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 88. KHS GmbH Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 89. CFT S.p.A Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 90. CFT S.p.A Specification and Application
    Table 91. CFT S.p.A Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 92. CFT S.p.A Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 93. CFT S.p.A Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 94. DS Smith Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 95. DS Smith Specification and Application
    Table 96. DS Smith Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 97. DS Smith Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 98. DS Smith Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 99. IC Filling Systems Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 100. IC Filling Systems Specification and Application
    Table 101. IC Filling Systems Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 102. IC Filling Systems Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 103. IC Filling Systems Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 104. Oystar Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 105. Oystar Specification and Application
    Table 106. Oystar Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 107. Oystar Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 108. Oystar Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 109. Oystar Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 110. Schuy Maschinenbau Specification and Application
    Table 111. Schuy Maschinenbau Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 112. Schuy Maschinenbau Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 113. Schuy Maschinenbau Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 114. ROTA Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 115. ROTA Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 116. ROTA Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 117. ROTA Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 118. SIDEL Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 119. SIDEL Specification and Application
    Table 120. SIDEL Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 121. SIDEL Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 122. SIDEL Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 123. GEA Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 124. GEA Specification and Application
    Table 125. GEA Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 126. GEA Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 127. GEA Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 128. FBR-ELPO Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 129. FBR-ELPO Specification and Application
    Table 130. FBR-ELPO Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 131. FBR-ELPO Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 132. FBR-ELPO Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 133. Bosch Packaging Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 134. Bosch Packaging Specification and Application
    Table 135. Bosch Packaging Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 136. Bosch Packaging Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 137. Bosch Packaging Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 138. Serac Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 139. Serac Specification and Application
    Table 140. Serac Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 141. Serac Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 142. Serac Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 143. IPI S.r.l. Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 144. IPI S.r.l. Specification and Application
    Table 145. IPI S.r.l. Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 146. IPI S.r.l. Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 147. IPI S.r.l. Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 148. BIHAI Machinery Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 149. BIHAI Machinery Specification and Application
    Table 150. BIHAI Machinery Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 151. BIHAI Machinery Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 152. BIHAI Machinery Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 153. Dara Pharma Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 154. Dara Pharma Specification and Application
    Table 155. Dara Pharma Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 156. Dara Pharma Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 157. Dara Pharma Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 158. Taizhou Funengda Industry Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 159. Taizhou Funengda Industry Specification and Application
    Table 160. Taizhou Funengda Industry Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 161. Taizhou Funengda Industry Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 162. Taizhou Funengda Industry Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 163. Kaiyi Intelligent Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Corporation Information
    Table 164. Kaiyi Intelligent Specification and Application
    Table 165. Kaiyi Intelligent Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 166. Kaiyi Intelligent Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 167. Kaiyi Intelligent Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 168. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
    Table 169. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
    Table 170. Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Distributors List
    Table 171. Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Customers List
    Table 172. Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Market Trends
    Table 173. Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Market Drivers
    Table 174. Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Market Challenges
    Table 175. Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Market Restraints
    Table 176. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
    Table 177. North America Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (K Units)
    Table 178. Europe Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (K Units)
    Table 179. Asia Pacific Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & (K Units)
    Table 180. Latin America Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (K Units)
    Table 181. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
    Table 182. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 183. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Price Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & (US$/Unit)
    Table 184. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
    Table 185. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 186. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Price Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (US$/Unit)
    Table 187. Research Programs/Design for This Report
    Table 188. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
    Table 189. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
    Figure 1. Product Picture of Automatic Syrup Filling Machine
    Figure 2. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Market Share by Type: 2022 VS 2028
    Figure 3. Volumetric Syrup Filling Machine Product Picture
    Figure 4. Piston Syrup Filling Machine Product Picture
    Figure 5. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Market Share by Application: 2022 VS 2028
    Figure 6. Food & Beverage
    Figure 7. Pharmaceutical
    Figure 8. Cosmetics
    Figure 9. Chemical
    Figure 10. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
    Figure 11. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue (US$ Million) (2017-2028)
    Figure 12. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units) & (2017-2028)
    Figure 13. North America Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
    Figure 14. Europe Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
    Figure 15. China Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
    Figure 16. Japan Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
    Figure 17. Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production Share by Manufacturers in 2021
    Figure 18. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2021
    Figure 19. Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2017 VS 2021
    Figure 20. Global Market Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2021
    Figure 21. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue in 2021
    Figure 22. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
    Figure 23. North America Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2017-2022)
    Figure 24. Europe Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2017-2022)
    Figure 25. China Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2017-2022)
    Figure 26. Japan Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2017-2022)
    Figure 27. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
    Figure 28. North America Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 29. North America Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption Market Share by Country in 2021
    Figure 30. Canada Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 31. U.S. Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 32. Europe Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 33. Europe Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption Market Share by Country in 2021
    Figure 34. Germany Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 35. France Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 36. U.K. Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 37. Italy Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 38. Russia Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 39. Asia Pacific Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 40. Asia Pacific Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2021
    Figure 41. China Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 42. Japan Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 43. South Korea Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 44. China Taiwan Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 45. Southeast Asia Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 46. India Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 47. Australia Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 48. Latin America Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 49. Latin America Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption Market Share by Country in 2021
    Figure 50. Mexico Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 51. Brazil Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
    Figure 52. Production Market Share of Automatic Syrup Filling Machine by Type (2017-2022)
    Figure 53. Production Market Share of Automatic Syrup Filling Machine by Type in 2021
    Figure 54. Revenue Share of Automatic Syrup Filling Machine by Type (2017-2022)
    Figure 55. Revenue Market Share of Automatic Syrup Filling Machine by Type in 2021
    Figure 56. Production Market Share of Automatic Syrup Filling Machine by Application (2017-2022)
    Figure 57. Production Market Share of Automatic Syrup Filling Machine by Application in 2021
    Figure 58. Revenue Share of Automatic Syrup Filling Machine by Application (2017-2022)
    Figure 59. Revenue Market Share of Automatic Syrup Filling Machine by Application in 2021
    Figure 60. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Automatic Syrup Filling Machine
    Figure 61. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Automatic Syrup Filling Machine
    Figure 62. Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Industrial Chain Analysis
    Figure 63. Channels of Distribution
    Figure 64. Distributors Profiles
    Figure 65. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
    Figure 66. North America Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
    Figure 67. Europe Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
    Figure 68. China Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
    Figure 69. Japan Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
    Figure 70. Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Automatic Syrup Filling Machine (2017-2028) & (K Units)
    Figure 71. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
    Figure 72. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
    Figure 73. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Production Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
    Figure 74. Global Automatic Syrup Filling Machine Revenue Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
    Figure 75. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
    Figure 76. Data Triangulation